Spacecraft Sends Back Images of Saturn

PASADENA, Calif. - Hours after settling into orbit around Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft sent back "mind-blowing" photographs Thursday of the planet's shimmering rings that resembled a fine-grain piece of wood or a grooved phonograph record.

Scientists could not contain their excitement as the raw black-and-white pictures of the rings and the inky gaps between them arrived at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory from more than 900 million miles away.

The photographs showed concentric bands — some dark, some light-colored, some broad, some extremely narrow. Some had wavy edges, some had sharp ones. Some had rippled surfaces, like corrugated cardboard. Some appeared smooth.

"Wow, look at that scallop on the inner edge. That's a beauty," said imaging scientist Jeff Cuzzi as a picture from the sunlit side of the rings was displayed.

Cassini, a spacecraft the size of a bus, passed between two of the rings late Wednesday and settled into orbit around the giant planet to begin the most detailed study ever of Saturn and many of its 31 moons. Imaging team leader Carolyn Porco watched the photographs stream in before dawn.

"It was beyond description, really, it was mind-blowing," she said. "I'm surprised at how surprised I am at the beauty and the clarity of these images. They are shocking to me."

The $3.3 billion mission is funded by NASA and the European and Italian space agencies. Cassini is the first spacecraft to orbit the solar system's second-largest planet. Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made only fly-bys between 1979 and 1981.

Cassini passed through the rings unscathed and was in perfect condition, program manager Robert Mitchell said.

The rings, which have fascinated astronomers for centuries, were the mission's first priority in the minutes after achieving orbit because Cassini will never again be as close to them during its planned 76 orbits over four years.

Cassini images have five times higher resolution than the best Voyager pictures, Cuzzi said. He called the stream from Cassini "a very rich harvest of data."

The first images to arrive were dark and indistinct because Cassini photographed them from the side not illuminated by the sun. But they quickly became crisper.

"Look at that sharp edge. That brings tears to my eyes," Porco exclaimed.

The major rings, ranging in width from 30 miles to 188,000 miles, are named for the first seven letters of the alphabet — but in the order of discovery, not distance from Saturn. From closest to farthest they are D, C, B, A, F, G and E.

Subject to various vorces, including "shepherding" by Saturn's many moons, the rings have structures that scientists described with terms like "spiral waves," "density waves," "bending waves" and even "notes on a chord."

The causes of most of the observed structures are not known, Porco said.

The sharp edges, for example.

"Ring scientists love sharp edges. They have to be held sharp by some mechanism," Porco said. "We don't know the mechanism so we're intrigued by them."
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First Saturn Pictures Show Sharp-Edged Rings

PASADENA, Calif. (Reuters) - The spacecraft Cassini sent its first images of Saturn's majestic rings back to Earth on Thursday, showing surprisingly sharp edges and ripples of energy within the mysterious formations.

Scientists also got a bonus from the early data: the sounds of Saturn, as the craft passed through the "bow shock," or leading edge of the planet's magnetic field, which ebbs and flows like the ocean. The noise had a deep quality, rising to a guttural crescendo at the point where Cassini met the field.

Though they had little time to analyze what they were seeing and hearing, scientists said the data could help them explain the birth of the entire solar system.

"If you want to understand how the solar system was formed, you go to Saturn," said Carolyn Porco, leader of the Cassini imaging science team.

Program manager Robert Mitchell said the craft was in perfect health after a seven-year journey and had entered orbit so precisely that team leaders were now debating whether they needed to make a corrective move planned for Saturday.

The early photos, taken from the unlit side of the rings, were black and white and full of electronic "noise," but were clear enough to show fine ring structures and edges that were unexpectedly sharp, given all the colliding particles.

"Ring scientists love sharp edges. They're very mysterious -- they have to be held sharp by some mechanism," Porco said.

A second set of images, taken from the sunlit side of the rings, arrived about two hours later and was far sharper, showing the rings and gaps in much greater detail. With illumination, the close-up view of the "A" set of rings made them look something like the surface of a vinyl record.

Scientists were thrilled with the quantity and clarity of the images -- the closest pictures of the rings that will be taken during the mission, in some cases five times sharper than those taken by the Voyager missions more than 20 years ago.

"Citizens of Earth, I would like to present the majestic rings of Saturn," Ed Weiler, the associate administrator of NASA, said during a global press conference.

'MIND-BLOWING' IMAGES

The images showed "density waves," disruptions in the particles in the rings caused by the energy of moonlets passing outside them, that scientists said could best be compared to the pattern of bunching and thinning out seen in traffic jams.

In addition, they showed "bending waves," where the rings had been warped by the effects of the passing moons.

Scientists were also able to construct their first full image of the planet's magnetosphere, using a new instrument flying for the first time on Cassini. The Voyager probes had been able to capture the magnetic bubble that surrounds the planet only in part.

Mission scientists, many of whom have devoted more than a decade to the Cassini project, cheered and called the photos "beautiful" and "mind-blowing."

"It's so flawless it almost seems faked -- but it's not," Porco said in live commentary from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory here.

The truck-sized probe slipped through those rings and entered orbit around Saturn on Wednesday night, after traveling 2.2 billion miles since its October 1997 launch. Along the way, it used the gravity of Venus, Earth and Jupiter to slingshot it out to the sixth planet from the sun.

Cassini is set to spend at least four years studying the planet, its rings and some of its 31 known moons.

It carries on its back a smaller craft, Huygens, which is designed to break away in December and plummet onto the surface of Titan for a brief study of that moon's atmosphere.

That portion of the mission was designed largely by the European and Italian space agencies. The $3 billion mission has been hailed as a model of international cooperation, with scientists from 17 countries participating.

Gymnastic Trials Produce Two Olympians

ANAHEIM, Calif. - Fifteen gymnasts showed up. Fifteen gymnasts moved on. The Olympic trials did very little to cull the deepest American field in history. They did, however, identify Courtney Kupets and Courtney McCool as almost-locks for the squad, while leaving no fewer than 10 others thinking they have a legitimate chance to go to Athens, too.

"I'm just praying I make it," said Hollie Vise, a key player on last year's world championship team who now must fight for one of the remaining four spots.

Kupets, the co-national champion, won the Olympic trials and McCool came in second Sunday, earning them spots on the team, assuming they show "readiness" at team coordinator Martha Karolyi's training camp next month.

Karolyi said "readiness" is almost a foregone conclusion. So is the addition of the other co-national champion, Carly Patterson, who fell off the beam twice during the trials and finished third.

Beyond that, it's anybody's guess. The final three Olympians and three alternates will be chosen at the end of the camp, July 18, after a two-day competition in a secluded gym in the Texas countryside.

"Of course, I really want it," said Tasha Schwikert, the lone holdover from the 2000 Olympic squad. "But all I control is my routines. I just do what I can. The decision is in their hands."

Schwikert, Tabitha Yim, Mohini Bhardwaj. Vise, Annia Hatch and Chellsie Memmel. All have impeccable credentials. None can be guaranteed a spot. But Karolyi wants to see them all again, and she's not apologizing for failing to trim numbers after the Olympic trials.

In reality, the 15 who go to her camp won't be the same 15 who finished the trials. The two-day competition eliminated three athletes, but their spots were filled by three others who petitioned to the camp due to injuries.

"The top girls are perfect. Everything else is open," Karolyi said. "We left the squad pretty large so we make sure we have the right people to select at the right time."

One of the most intriguing prospects is Bhardwaj. At 25, she's at the age where most female gymnasts are coaching, not trying for the Olympics.

With her dream still intact, the former UCLA All-American was selling raffle tickets in Los Angeles to fund her training. None other than former "Baywatch" star Pamela Anderson saw her and donated $20,000 to keep Bhardwaj afloat - an investment that is paying off so far.

"She deserves it," said Anderson, who was in the stands for both days of the trials. "This sport usually ends at such a young age for women. But she's 25, and she's still doing great."

Kupets finished tied with Patterson at nationals earlier this month, but after two more days of competition, she made her case as the best gymnast in the country.

Kupets held the lead throughout both days and never scored below a 9.225.

She's at her best on the uneven bars, but the attention grabber comes on the floor, where she twirls, spins and scoots her way through 90 seconds of fun. She even manages to make her mistakes look good. When she sailed out of bounds on her second pass, she dashed right back onto the floor and kept on dancing, earning an approving nod from Karolyi.

Securing a spot "might calm her down a little bit in that she has some time to work on some fine points and mistakes she made," said her coach, Kelli Hill. "First is a tough place to be. It's always easier to climb. I hoped she learned something here."

McCool, meanwhile, took a pass on world championships last year, opting to remain at the junior level for more seasoning.

The decision was a wise one.

She went 8-for-8 in the trials, adding to an already impressive resume that included a fine performance at the Pan Am Games and a victory at a test event in Athens earlier this year.

"I thought of myself as equal to everyone else coming in," McCool said. "I didn't think about where I stand, where everybody else stands. I just focused on right now."

Patterson was somewhat of a disappointment. Her two falls off the beam were uncharacteristic, yet she still finished third and had the best overall score on Sunday. Asked if she was happy with the meet, she paused.

"I feel pretty good," she said. "I made a couple of mistakes. I've just got to go back to the gym and work on it, try not to make any more mistakes."

Still, the pressure to avoid mistakes won't be as intense for Patterson as it will on the rest.

"I think the selection camp is different because you're going to be watched constantly for four or five days," Bhardwaj said. "In competition, they just watch you for that routine. But this will be a whole lot different."